![]() However, most farmer households have limited technical knowledge and a lack of agricultural labor force, depending on their traditional experience and habits, the phenomenon of farmer’s overuse of fertilizer is widespread and serious in China. Some empirical studies have shown that small farmers are risk-averse and would like to use a higher amount of fertilizer in order to avoid the negative impact of potential climate risks on agricultural production. However, China has input utilizes about 52 times pesticides per hectare more than Ethiopian and Nepal and China spent about 7 and 35 times fertilizer per hectare more than Ethiopian and Nepal respectively China ranks first in the intensity of fertilizer used in agricultural production in the world, but fertilizer utilization is about 45%, far lower than the 60% utilization rate in developed countries. ![]() Second, in Ethiopia and Nepal, the input of fertilizer is a significant factor in higher food yields. Therefore, the farmers’ adaptation action to increase irrigation frequency and amount in response to reduced rainfall may lead to a negative effect on wheat yield, if they increase irrigation in an improper period. (2010), in the grain-filling stage of winter wheat, the frequency and quantity of irrigation should be reduced appropriately. However, household labor input seems to have a negative and significant effect on the wheat yield of non-adopters.įirst, according to Liu et al. The results in the third column indicate that education and irrigation are significant and positive factors in wheat yields among adopters. However, gender, education, farm manure, household labor, irrigation, and rent appear to have differentiated impacts on the wheat yield of adopters and non-adopters. The results in Table 3 indicate that area is an important factor in explaining lower wheat yield in both adopter and non-adopter groups. However, the differences in the coefficients of the wheat yield equation between the adopters and non-adopters suggest heterogeneity in the sample. The estimated coefficients of the correlation coefficients ρ 0 or ρ 1 are both not significantly different from zero, indicating there may be no sample selectivity bias in the sample. The estimates presented in the third and fourth column of Table 3 account for the endogenous switching in the wheat yield function. This study investigates wheat farmers’ general adaptation strategies to climate change and the corresponding impact on farmers’ wheat yield. Therefore, little is known about whether Chinese farmers’ adaptation practices support farm productivity. However, they only took into account one adaptation strategy in extreme climate events. (2015) analyzed wheat farmers’ adaptation and its impact on yield. It is necessary to understand farmers’ actual climate change adaptation practices and its impact on wheat yield especially because China’s agriculture sector is in a period of transition, facing various crises and challenges. Over the past century, China’s annual average temperature has risen higher than the global average and by the end of 21st century, in most areas of China, the temperature is forecasted to rise from 1.3 ☌ to 5 ☌. Crop production is still dominated by small farm households in China, and wheat is one of the two staple food crops in China. This study, therefore, suggests policymakers be mindful of farmers’ maladaptive responses to climate change and provide effective adaptation measures, to help farmers cope with the risks of climate change and ensure farmer’s livelihood security and sustainable agriculture development.Ĭhina is a large agricultural country, with about 270 million people engaged in agricultural activity in 2012. Through employing a simultaneous equations model with endogenous switching, we find farmers’ adaptation to climate change is maladaptive with negative effects on wheat yield. However, these farmers are given limited adaptation strategies, mainly including increasing irrigation, and using more chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Farmers’ cultivated area, cognition level and information accessibility on climate change significantly affect their adaptation decisions. Based on a survey of 314 wheat farmers in rural China, results show that Chinese wheat farmers have a high rate of climate change awareness and adoption of climate change adaptation measures. ![]() This paper explored farm households’ autonomous climate change adaptation strategies and corresponding impacts on wheat yield.
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